
Geographic Origin Determination of Ruby (英语)
The world ruby market has undergone dramatic change in recent years, especially with the development of ruby mining in Mozambique. This contribution outlines GIA’s methods and criteria for establishing the geographic origin of ruby.

A Review of Analytical Methods Used in Geographic Origin Determination of Gemstones (英语)
Geographic origin determination relies on a combination of gemological observations and advanced analytical tools. This contribution reviews the analytical methods commonly used to establish origin.


















A Decade of Ruby from Mozambique: A Review (英语)
Reviews the mining history, market impact, and properties of ruby from northern Mozambique near Montepuez, now the world’s most productive source.

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