Archival research and gemological characterization reveal the geographic origin of two emeralds set in a pendant linked to Catherine de’ Medici, Queen of France from 1547 to 1559.

Examination of a gigantic South Sea bead cultured pearl reveals an intriguing internal structure.

Presents the first scientific and historical study conducted on the 2.33 ct Winston Red, the fifth-largest known Fancy red diamond in existence.

Investigation in the Carlsbad laboratory reveals a pearl submission is not mabe as initially believed.

The Bangkok laboratory studies 35 loose non-nacreous pearls from a wide range of marine mollusk species.

Learn about the principles, mechanisms, and characteristics of luminescence that create the impressive and memorable glow of gemstones.

X-ray imaging techniques revolutionized pearl testing by enabling gemologists to distinguish natural from cultured pearls through detailed visualization of their internal structures, evolving from film-based systems in the early 1900s to today’s sophisticated digital equipment.

Infrared spectroscopy, specifically FTIR analysis, measures atomic vibrations to determine identity, cause of color, and potential treatments by analyzing how a gemstone absorbs infrared light.

UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy measures how gemstones absorb and interact with light across the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared ranges, revealing crucial information about their composition, origin, and potential treatments.

Photoluminescence imaging, which analyzes how gemstones glow under ultraviolet light, is an important analytical tool for detecting impurities, natural versus synthetic gems, and treatments through the observation of fluorescence and phosphorescence patterns.

GIA ensures accurate gemological measurements across its global laboratories through rigorous metrology practices, including systematic instrument calibration, validation from traceable standards, and continuous monitoring by trained staff to maintain precision and consistency.

Photoluminescence spectroscopy examines how gemstones absorb and emit light, uncovering crucial details about their identity and color origin through the detection of microscopic defects and impurities.

GIA’s laboratories use advanced instrumentation and research to deliver accurate grading, identification, and origin determination for natural and laboratory-grown diamonds, colored stones, and pearls.

Gemology has become a highly technical field employing analytical instruments for gem testing, driven by the need to address increasingly complex identification challenges in the marketplace.

Raman spectroscopy and XRD techniques are used to identify gemstone species through their atomic-scale structures, with Raman spectroscopy analyzing inelastic light scattering from crystal lattice vibrations and XRD examining X-ray interference patterns from atomic layers.

The primary chemical analysis methods applied in gemology are XRF, which uses X-ray emissions for nondestructive testing, and LA-ICP-MS, which provides detailed analysis and greater sensitivity. LA-ICP-MS has become essential for origin determination and treatment detection.

An overview of the Winter 2024 Gems & Gemology content.

Methods, Treatments, and Identification

Evaluates the use of generative AI programs in jewelry design and addresses the related ethical, legal, and regulatory challenges.

Presents findings from observations of oval-, pear-, and marquise-shaped diamonds, laying the groundwork for a fancy cut grading system.